In reverse-osmosis (RO) systems, dissolved salts concentrate on the membrane surface and can precipitate as scale — most commonly calcium carbonate, calcium sulphate, barium/strontium sulphate, calcium fluoride and silica. Scale cuts flux, raises pressure and shortens membrane life. Antiscalants prevent it at low dose.
Main antiscalant chemistries
- Phosphonates (HEDP, PBTC, ATMP) — excellent threshold inhibition and crystal distortion for carbonate and sulphate scales.
- Polyacrylates / polycarboxylates (PAA) — strong dispersants, effective on particulates and some sulphates.
- Blends — most commercial RO antiscalants combine chemistries for broad-spectrum control, including silica.
HexaChem supplies water-treatment actives including phosphonates and polyacrylates for RO and cooling systems.
How to choose
- Identify the limiting scale from your feed-water analysis and recovery (LSI/S&DSI, sulphate and silica saturation).
- High LSI / carbonate → phosphonate-based.
- High silica → specific silica-dispersant blends.
- Match dose to concentration factor; overdosing phosphonates can itself form calcium-phosphonate scale.